DRACONIAN LAWS CODE

To minimize the incidence of these feuds, the governing aristocratic families of Athens decided to abandon their concealed system of legal proposals and amendments and promulgate them to Athenian society in writing. This triggered feuds by families ignorant of the law in an attempt to obtain justice. The aristocratic exploitation of this system began during the mid-seventh century BC, and laws were often amended to benefit the aristocracy. The need for written laws began with the unequal access to legal knowledge by the aristocracy and the people the established laws of Athens were inefficiently formulated in the spoken language and often modified and re-evaluated. This enactment of a rule of law was an early manifestation of Athenian democracy.

DRACONIAN LAWS CODE

The literate could read the code at a central location accessible to anyone. With most societies in Greece codifying basic law during the mid-seventh century BC, Athenian oral law was manipulated by the aristocracy until the emergence of DracoвЂ™s code.ДЄround 621 BC the people of Athens commissioned Draco to devise a written law code and constitution, giving him the title of the first legislator of Athens. The Draconian constitution, or DracoвЂ™s code, was a written law code created by Draco near the end of the 7th century BC in response to the unjust interpretation and modification of oral law by Athenian aristocrats. The people of Athens commissioned Draco to devise a written law code and constitution, giving him the title of the first legislator of Athens. This is unfortunate,вЂќ the outfit said.A relief of the Draco Lawgiver carving in the United States Supreme Court library / Wikimedia Commons вЂњNotwithstanding the ongoing Indo-Naga political dialogue, violence against the Nagas continues unabated. Home of IndiaвЂ™s longest running insurgency, Nagaland has been quieter than before since its most influential outfit NSCN (IM) began peace talks with the Centre and signed a ceasefire in 1997. The law was extended to the whole of Nagaland for six more months from June 30 this year. The вЂMalom MassacreвЂ™ prompted a 28-year-old Irom Sharmila to begin a 16-year hunger-strike against AFSPA. SaturdayвЂ™s shooting brought back memories of the killing of 10 civilians at Malom Makha Leikai in Manipur capital Imphal in 2000. The вЂњdraconianвЂќ AFSPA has given security forces the вЂњlicence to killвЂќ and no soldier involved in killing civilians have ever been charged or put behind bars, Binalakshmi Nepram, the founder of Manipur Women Gun SurvivorsвЂ™ Network and Global Alliance of Indigenous Peoples, told PTI. Posters went up at NagalandвЂ™s signature annual event, the Hornbill Festival in Kohima demanding withdrawal of the law. Immediately after the killings, the chorus against AFSPA became louder, with several groups calling for its withdrawal. The law, according to human rights activists and politicians, has allowed soldiers to commit with impunity excesses like вЂњmassacre, torture and rapeвЂќ. It is in force in J&K, Nagaland and parts of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Manipur. The 1958 law gives extra-judicial powers to security forces during anti-militancy operations, including вЂњshoot to killвЂќ.

GUWAHATI: A longstanding demand to withdraw the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act or AFSPA from вЂњdisturbedвЂќ areas of the northeast gained renewed thrust following the death of 14 Naga civilians in a botched counter-insurgency operation by Assam Rifles on Saturday in NagalandвЂ™s Mon district and subsequent clashes with the paramilitary force.

Draconian laws